Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding: Understanding the Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

vaginal bleeding causes

What Is Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding?

Abnormal vaginal bleeding is any bleeding from the vagina that doesn’t follow your regular menstrual cycle. It could happen between periods, after intercourse, or even after menopause. This kind of bleeding is more than just a minor inconvenience. It can affect your daily life, causing anxiety and discomfort, and maybe a sign of an underlying health issue. While many women experience some irregular bleeding during their lifetime, it’s important to pay attention to any changes in your cycle, as it could indicate something more serious. If you’re experiencing abnormal vaginal bleeding, it’s crucial to get it checked out by a doctor to determine the causes and find the right treatment.

When Should You Be Concerned About Vaginal Bleeding?

It’s natural for your menstrual cycle to vary slightly from month to month. However, abnormal vaginal bleeding typically occurs outside of the normal pattern. If you’re noticing any of the following, it’s time to consult with your doctor:

  • Bleeding between periods, especially if it’s heavy or frequent
  • Spotting or bleeding after intercourse
  • Bleeding after menopause (this is a major red flag)
  • Periods that are unusually heavy or last longer than a week
  • Unexpected cramping or pelvic pain along with the bleeding
  • Feeling weak, fatigued, or dizzy, which could indicate anemia from blood loss
 

What Causes Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding?

reason for vaginal bledding

There are many potential causes of abnormal vaginal bleeding. It’s essential to remember that while some causes may be minor, others can be more serious. Here’s a breakdown of the most common culprits:

1. Hormonal Imbalances

Hormones control your menstrual cycle so that any imbalance can lead to irregular bleeding. Hormonal changes are often the cause of abnormal bleeding, especially in the years leading up to menopause (perimenopause) or during early puberty. Some of the most common hormonal causes include:

  • Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): A condition that causes irregular periods and excessive bleeding.
  • Thyroid problems: Both hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) and hypothyroidism, or an underactive thyroid, can cause changes in your menstrual cycle.
  • Obesity: Excess weight can disrupt hormone levels and affect your cycle.
  • Stress: Emotional or physical stress can interfere with hormone production, leading to irregular bleeding.
2. Infections

Infections of the reproductive system can cause abnormal bleeding. If you’re experiencing unusual bleeding and you have pelvic pain, fever, or unusual discharge, it may be related to an infection. Some common infections that can lead to abnormal bleeding include:

  • Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID): An infection of the reproductive organs, often caused by untreated STIs.
  • Cervicitis: Inflammation of the cervix, which can cause bleeding between periods.
  • Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vaginal lining that may result in bleeding.
  • STIs such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, or trichomoniasis.
3. Non-Cancerous Growths

Growths in the uterus or cervix can lead to irregular bleeding. Some examples include:

  • Fibroids: Non-cancerous tumors that develop in or on the uterus.
  • Polyps: Tiny growths in the uterus or cervix that can cause irregular bleeding.
  • Endometriosis: A disorder where the uterine lining tissue grows outside the uterus, often causing pain and discomfort, leading to heavy periods and abnormal bleeding.

4. Cancer

Though less common, cancer can be a cause of abnormal bleeding, especially if the bleeding is unexpected or occurs after menopause. This can involve:

  •  Cervical cancer
  • Uterine (endometrial) cancer
  • Ovarian cancer

If you experience postmenopausal bleeding, it’s important to see a doctor as soon as possible for an evaluation, as this could be a sign of uterine cancer.

5. Pregnancy-Related Issues

Pregnancy-related complications can also lead to abnormal vaginal bleeding, such as:

  • Miscarriage: Early pregnancy loss can cause bleeding, often accompanied by cramping and abdominal pain.
  • Ectopic pregnancy: An urgent medical condition in which a pregnancy implants outside the uterus, most often in the fallopian tubes.
  • Placenta previa: When the placenta is positioned over the cervix, causing bleeding during pregnancy.
6. Medications

Certain medications can impact your menstrual cycle and lead to abnormal bleeding. These may include:

  • Birth control pills: These can cause breakthrough bleeding, especially in the first few months of use.
  • Blood thinners (anticoagulants): These can affect the amount and timing of bleeding.
  • IUDs: Intrauterine devices can cause irregular bleeding, especially in the first few months after insertion.
  • Hormone replacement therapy (HRT): Used to alleviate menopause symptoms, HRT can cause bleeding in some women.
7. Physical Injury or Trauma

Any trauma to the vaginal area, such as from sexual activity or a medical procedure, can lead to vaginal bleeding. If you experience pain or bleeding following an injury, seek medical attention right away.

How Is Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding Diagnosed?

If you’re experiencing abnormal bleeding, your doctor will start by discussing about your medical history, symptoms, and menstrual cycle. They may ask you to track the bleeding, noting how often it occurs, how long it lasts, and how heavy the flow is.

Some diagnostic tests may include:

  • Pelvic Exam: To check for physical abnormalities in the reproductive organs.
  • Pap Smear: A test designed to detect cervical cancer or abnormal cells.
  • Ultrasound: To look for fibroids, cysts, or other issues in the uterus or ovaries.
  • Blood Tests: To check for anemia, hormone levels, or signs of infection.
  • Endometrial Biopsy: To check for abnormal or cancerous cells, a small sample of the uterine lining is taken.
  • Colposcopy: A thorough examination of the cervix to detect any abnormalities.
 

What Are the Available Treatment Options for Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding?

best treatment for vaginal bleeding

The treatment for abnormal vaginal bleeding depends on the underlying cause. If the cause is hormonal, medication such as birth control pills, hormone therapy, or an IUD may help regulate the cycle. When an infection is the cause, antibiotics will be prescribed. If there are growths like fibroids or polyps, surgical procedures like a hysteroscopy or D&C may be necessary.

Other treatment options include:

  • Anti-inflammatory drugs: To reduce pain and bleeding, such as ibuprofen.
  • Tranexamic acid: A medication that helps control heavy bleeding.
  • Surgery: In more severe cases, a hysterectomy (removal of the uterus) may be required, especially if cancer is detected.

Prevention and Lifestyle Changes

While you can’t always prevent abnormal vaginal bleeding, there are a few things you can do to reduce your risk:

  • Maintain a healthy weight: Hormonal imbalances are often linked to obesity.
  • Practice safe sex: Reduces the risk of infections that could cause abnormal bleeding.
  • Regular health check-ups: Routine gynecological exams can help detect problems early.
 

Final Thoughts

Abnormal vaginal bleeding can be alarming, but it’s important to remember that many of the causes are treatable. By seeking medical advice and addressing the underlying issue, you can manage the condition and restore your health.

If you’re experiencing abnormal vaginal bleeding, don’t hesitate to talk to Dr. Mustafa Aldam. He can help you understand what’s happening with your body and recommend the best course of action.